In 1936 he began working at a failing trade magazine, the Anglo-Russian Trade Gazette, as editor. "[69] Prompted by Elliott's accusations, Philby confirmed the charges of espionage and described his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. While working in Section Five, Philby had become acquainted with James Jesus Angleton, a young American counter-intelligence officer working in liaison with SIS in London. Harry St. John Bridger Philby, 1885-1960, British explorer, official, and author. Donald is well and happy to be with his family again. But, after a silence of nearly five years, here was the first actual sighting and confirmation that the runaways were alive. [11][pageneeded] In early 1934, Arnold Deutsch, a Soviet agent, was sent to University College London under the cover of a research appointment, but in reality had been assigned to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities. My God, how I despise you now. Roland Philipps For The Daily Mail
The Anglo-German Fellowship, at this time, was supported both by the British and German governments, and Philby made many trips to Berlin. (LogOut/ In her absence, Philby had begun an affair with Donald Maclean's wife, Melinda. This role allowed him to conduct sabotage and instruct agents on how to properly conduct sabotage. [36][37] Charles Arnold-Baker, an officer of German birth (born Wolfgang von Blumenthal) working for Richard Gatty in Belgium and later transferred to the Norwegian/Swedish border, voiced many suspicions of Philby and Philby's intentions but was ignored time and time again.[5]. They had access to the special shops reserved for the Soviet elite, and were able to import canned goods and drinks from Denmark. [9][pageneeded]. He feared that she would dump him because he was just a boring official in the British diplomatic service so to make myself look better and more important, I told her the reason why I led such a life. [4][5], Nicknamed "Kim" after the boy-spy in Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim,[3] Philby attended Aldro preparatory school, an all-boys school located in Shackleford near Godalming in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. In 1965, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. In his early teens, he spent some time with the Bedouin in the desert of Saudi Arabia. Philby claimed to have overheard discussion of this by chance and sent a report to his controller. Melinda, now officially Natasha Frazer, hated Kuybyshev, which she found very primitive, and for a while Donald was depressed and disillusioned by the reality of Soviet Russia.
After leaving Cambridge, Philby worked as a journalist, covering the Spanish Civil War and the Battle of France. Working from genuine unclassified and public CIA or US State Department documents, Philby inserted "sinister" paragraphs regarding US plans. In 1940 he began working for the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6). In early May 1951, Burgess got three speeding tickets in a single daythen pleaded diplomatic immunity, causing an official complaint to be made to the British Ambassador. But unlike his notorious father, who was hailed a hero in the Soviet Union and buried with full honours, Philby jnr led a low-profile life, and ran his own successful joinery business from a workshop near King's Cross in north London. For years he had sabotaged Allied missions behind the Iron Curtain and had calculatedly sent dozens of agents to their deaths. They met each other socially but soon fell out. To protect his family, still living in the USSR, Orlov said nothing about Philby, an agreement Stalin respected. A plaque in his honour was. In December 1937, during the Battle of Teruel, a Republican shell hit just in front of the car in which Philby was travelling with the correspondents Edward J. Neil of the Associated Press, Bradish Johnson of Newsweek, and Ernest Sheepshanks[21] of Reuters. She told a BBC documentary: He was just dad. In June 1934, Deutsch recruited him to the Soviet intelligence services. He said "It was a very dirty storybut after all our work does imply getting dirty hands from time to time but we do it for a cause that is not dirty in any way". In fact, Philby and Maclean's fellow spy, Burgess, were intimate friends; tipped off by Philby, who organised their defection, they fled to Moscow. You can give that to the International Organisation for Aid for Revolutionaries. Larger numbers were landed by sea and air under Operation Valuable, which continued until 1951, increasingly under the influence of the newly formed CIA. The new London rezident, Ivan Chichayev (code-name Vadim), re-established contact and asked for a list of names of British agents being trained to enter the Soviet Union. He was a sad traitor. His drinking made him paranoid that his wife would abandon him. Opposites attracted. He said that at the time of his recruitment as a spy there were no prospects of his being useful; he was instructed to make his way into the Secret Service, which took years, starting with journalism and building up contacts in the establishment. In November 1964, after a visit to the United States, she returned, intending to settle permanently. Philby's less attractive personal qualities were matched by a charm to which many of his MI6 colleagues succumbed. He was publicly exonerated in 1955, after which he resumed his career as both a journalist and a spy for SIS in Beirut, Lebanon. He was 65. When Jane Archer (who had interviewed Krivitsky) was appointed to Philby's section he moved her off investigatory work in case she became aware of his past. Birthdate: circa 1922. He claimed he made the admission to her to excuse his lateness for their meetings when he was busy handling documents and rendezvousing with his Soviet handler. [89], In 1940, he began living with Aileen Furse in London. [65] Nicholas Elliott, an MI6 officer recently stationed in Beirut who was a friend of Philby's and had previously believed in his innocence, was tasked with attempting to secure Philby's full confession. She was an object of both pity and fascination, and to get away from it all, she moved from their house on the Kent-Surrey border to Switzerland, with her mother. Most infiltrators were caught by the Sigurimi, the Albanian Security Service. [5], Kim Philby, memorandum in Security Service Archives (1963). The NKVD received the same report from Richard Sorge but with an extra paragraph claiming that Hitler might seek a separate peace with the Soviet Union. Rate this book. Golitsyn offered the CIA revelations of Soviet agents within American and British intelligence services. "[23], Philby, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1946.[41]. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. The first was ignored as a provocation, but the second, when this was confirmed by the Russo-German journalist and spy in Tokyo, Richard Sorge, contributed to Stalin's decision to begin transporting troops from the Far East in time for the counteroffensive around Moscow. His successor, Boris Bazarov, suffered the same fate two years later during the purges. Stewart Menzies, head of SIS, disliked the idea, which was promoted by former SOE men now in SIS. Please. At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. He valued his anonymity, but never changed his name from Philby. Will former US government informant face terror charges inIndia. Philby suffered only a minor head wound. To the extent that I helped defeat them, even if it caused their deaths, I have no regrets. In 1963 he was revealed to be a member of the Cambridge Five, a spy ring which had divulged British secrets to the Soviets during World War II and in the early stages of the Cold War. One of five siblings, he was born under a kitchen table during an air raid on London in World War II. He was an agent-in-place or a penetration agent or a mole if you wish of the KGB/NKVD. Philby had defected to the Soviet Union from Beirut in 1963, and was treated with respect, but felt isolated. If one accepts Philbys propaganda one can repeat Philbys non-double agent claim. He was 65. They knew the risks they were running. [79]Mikhail Lyubimov, his closest KGB contact, explained that this was to guard his safety, but later admitted that the real reason was the KGB's fear that Philby would return to London. Half sister of Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby. We retrace the steps of the vast desert's earliest western adventurers and uncover tales of rivalry, stealth and concern for the future of the Bedouin. She emphasised the strength and goodness of their fathers moral and political beliefs as a committed communist who wanted peaceful co-existence between East and West. But in Russia he is still admired as a hero. [20] However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon debriefing Philby in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, [Philby] does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this [assassination] attempt."[20]. Aileen Philby had suffered since childhood from psychological problems which caused her to inflict injuries upon herself. Volkov's defection had been discussed with the British Embassy in Ankara on telephones which turned out to have been tapped by Soviet intelligence. He got drunk and roamed Kuybyshev looking for action, on one occasion having his teeth knocked out in a brawl. That summer, friends thought her distracted. [11][pageneeded] After being evacuated from Boulogne on 21 May, he returned to France in mid-June and began representing The Daily Telegraph in addition to The Times. 'in Russian", "The Cambridge Spies' West Hampstead connection", "Kim Philby: new revelations about spy emerge in secret files", "Spies Philby's widow tells of an Englishman's life in exile", "Moscow square named after notorious British double agent Kim Philby", "A Cold War Mystery: Was the Soviet Mole Kim Philby a Double Agent or a Triple Agent? But MI6 found it hard to believe that Philby could be a Soviet agent. Elliott confronted him, saying, "I once looked up to you, Kim. Macleans study resembled that of a Cambridge professor, with copies of Trollope, biographies of Gladstone and airmail editions of The Times. The situation in Washington was tense. I replied 100, which I hoped would last me about a year in Vienna. Burgess predeceased him by 20 years, carried off by angina, an abused liver and hardening of the arteries. This mistake made it possible to break the normally impregnable code. There was nothing more [he] could do. [74] When the news broke, MI6 came under criticism for failing to anticipate and block Philby's defection, though Elliott was to claim he could not have prevented Philby's flight. When Britain declared war on Germany in September 1939, Philby's contact with his Soviet controllers was lost and Philby failed to attend the meetings that were necessary for his work. And Larry Wu Tai Chin almost singlehandedly prolonged the duration of the Korean War by two years. He warned the Soviets of the attempted defection and travelled to Istanbulostensibly to handle the matter on behalf of SIS but, in reality, to ensure that Volkov had been neutralised. Pierre-Charles Path. "[8], Upon Philby's graduation, Maurice Dobb, a fellow of King's College, Cambridge and tutor in Economics, introduced him to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism, an organization based in Paris which attempted to aid the people victimized by Nazi Germany and provide education on oppositions to fascism. Contained in the traffic (intercepted and decrypted as part of the Venona project) was information that documents had been sent to Moscow from the British Embassy in Washington. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. Macleans outward calm in the face of exile was greatly bolstered by his wifes support. In the capital, he became a magazine correspondent, then a teacher and analyst in a research institute for foreign and economic affairs. Harry Montague Philby was born in month 1857, at birth place, to Henry Adams Philby and Mary Philby (born Bridger). The double spys fourth wife and widow, Rufina Philby, told the paper that her British husband, whom she married in 1971, eight years after his defection, was disappointed about some of what he saw in the USSR. Melinda returned to Donald, but two years later moved to her own apartment. , updated As a boy, Michael Englebach was taken by his grandfather to watch cricket at . Rufina Pukhova, his Russian-Polish wife, said Philby struggled to control his drinking by downing only two glasses of cognac a night and then handing her the bottle to hide. But such treatment did not last and they were quickly dispatched to the closed city of Kuybyshev, 600 miles east of Moscow far away, they were told, from British assassination squads. Melinda translated Russian stories into English for the weekly English paper, Moscow News. How? Eventually, Melinda went back to her home country, the U.S., bringing to an end nearly 40 years of endurance, loyalty and betrayal. Maclean was unsure how to act, feeling a mixture of guilt and love, not knowing where he stood with the children he had abandoned and not been able to contact. Litzi lived in Paris before returning to London for the duration of the war; she ultimately settled in East Germany. And he kept his word to the end." They travelled together in Spain through August 1939. Burgess' defection to Moscow with Maclean in 1951 cast suspicion on Philby snr. Kim leapt up and shouted, 'Whoever is rude to my wife is rude to me!' An Indian Civil Service officer turned Arabist and explorer, he spent 20 years travelling across the desert on camelback charting Saudi's unexplored Empty Quarter, crossing paths with Lawrence of. He spent the rest of his professional life as a self-employed joiner. I dont accept Philbys excuses. The KGB would stamp the documents "top secret" and begin their circulation. [5] He also began working for both the Soviet and British intelligence, which usually consisted of posting letters in a crude code to a fictitious girlfriend, Mlle Dupont in Paris, for the Russians. She was later sent to a Swiss clinic for treatment. [11][pageneeded], Both the British and the Soviets were interested in analyzing the combat performance of the new Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter planes and Panzer I and Panzer II tanks deployed with Falangist forces in Spain. Following Eleanor's divorce, the couple married[58] in January 1959. His own comment was "I do not say that people were happy under the regime but the CIA underestimated the degree of control that the Authorities had over the country. Though a convinced Communist, he had a strong humanistic streak. Following Aileen Philby's death in 1957 and Eleanor's subsequent divorce from Brewer, Philby and Eleanor were married in London in 1959 and set up house together in Beirut. These lapses by Philby aroused intense suspicion in Moscow. He and his sister Josephine were flown to Moscow by the Russians for his father's funeral in 1988. When he was instructed to remove and replace his boss, Felix Cowgill, he asked if it was proposed "to shoot him or something", but was told to use bureaucratic intrigue. "There was one funny incident," she remembered. Garbo/Pujol of WW II fame was a double agent, i.e. Of the five, Philby is believed to have been most successful in providing secret information to the Soviets.[2]. Later, realising that he lacked the talent to be a professional painter, Philby worked briefly as a freelance newspaper photographer before taking up joinery. [50] Burgess was sent back to England, where he met Maclean in his London club. During the summer of 1945, a Soviet cipher clerk had reused a one-time pad to transmit intelligence traffic. Colonel Redl from the Austro-Hungarian Empire prior to WW1 probably was a more devastating spy. Pierre-Charles Path est un journaliste franais n le 9 juillet 1910 Boulogne-sur-Mer et mort le 14 novembre 1997 1 Villejuif. He was very good when he was around. His mother, Dora nee Johnston, was his father's first wife. Pukhova said he was a "special" and principled man. The minister told the House of Commons, "I have no reason to conclude that Mr. Philby has at any time betrayed the interests of his country, or to identify him with the so-called 'Third Man', if indeed there was one. The news that Philby, a former MI6 officer, had been spying for the Russians since 1933 sounded an alarm in Whitehall. And here she was plunked down in my midst! He didnt seem to mind that their marriage was over. This turned out to be identical with Barclay's dispatch, convincing the NKVD that Philby had seen the full Barclay report. Philby confirmed that he had worked for the KGB and that "his purpose in life was to destroy imperialism".[80]. However, his son told The Telegraph that his fathers contribution to the physical demise of Western intelligence operatives is overstated: there is no information that anyone died as a result of Kim Philbys treachery, he said. death death: 1988-05-11. manner of death: Natural Causes cause of death: Myocardial Infarction. [47], Burgess, who had been given a post as Second Secretary at the British Embassy, took up residence in the Philby family home and rapidly set about causing offence to all and sundry. After leaving Cambridge, Philby worked as a journalist, covering the Spanish Civil War and the Battle of France. But it was resumed a few months later, when he received a letter from his father in Moscow. [17], In London, Philby began a career as a journalist. It seemed a fitting finale for such a notable spy. . Shortly afterward, Philby was moved to the job as chief SIS representative in Washington, D.C., with his family. Were working to restore it. [5] He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history and economics. With his brilliant mind and First from Cambridge, Maclean could bask in being the superior intellect to an under-educated, attractive woman who was both affectionate and popular, where he was withdrawn, giving nothing of himself away. He would say we and our when speaking of the Soviet Union and defended his adopted countrys brutal crushing of the Hungarian Uprising in 1956 an event that disgusted many Left-wing supporters back in the UK. There, he underwent MI5 interrogation aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring. [11][pageneeded], In July 1939, Philby returned to The Times office in London. [58] He and Eleanor divorced and she departed Moscow in May 1965. In the same interview, she confirmed that Philby was a heavy drinker when they first met, but later became sober. [39][5], The intervention of Philby in the affair and the subsequent capture of Volkov by the Soviets might have seriously compromised Philby's position. We got together in our cabin to discuss our plans. By the time she left Russia, Maclean was in his final decline, in and out of hospital with cancer from his lifetime of smoking. His office oversaw a large amount of urgent and top-secret communications between the United States and London. The man described himself as Otto. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Although she would be left pitied, even censured, and alone in a country in which she had spent barely one-tenth of her life, it might be better that he should be free to live a new life in Moscow than spend a decade behind bars. Henry was born circa 1823, in Loughton, Essex, England. She flirted with other men and had affairs. BROWN:: St. John Philby was born in Ceylon, then a part of the British Empire, very typically English ruling-class family, military background, senior military appointments and one of the colonists who went out to build the coffee industry in Ceylon at the turn of the century.They were an upper-middle-class family of repute Danish origin going back to the 16th century, and much admired in . He became more optimistic once the family was deemed fully rehabilitated and they moved to Moscow in 1955. Philby was also responsible for liaising with the CIA and promoting "more aggressive Anglo-American intelligence operations". [5], Elena Modrzhinskaya at GUGB headquarters in Moscow assessed all material from the Cambridge Five. But the two men, for so long ideological comrades, fell out. In 1964 when he was 20, the young Philby was fined 15 and placed on probation for two years for stealing, with two friends, a radio, alcohol, cigarettes and cash valued in all at 75 from a sports pavilion at Greenwich. [84] Despite reports to the contrary, Philby's wife claimed in a 1997 interview that the idea of Philby becoming depressed and destitute in Moscow was "a myth". The organization was one of several fronts operated by German communist Willi Mnzenberg, a member of the Reichstag who had fled to France in 1933. "[60], After being exonerated, Philby was no longer employed by MI6 and Soviet intelligence lost all contact with him. Philby worked at first as a freelance journalist; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for The Times, reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces. Chicago-born Melinda, whom he married in France in 1940, knew all along that Donald was a spy. [3], Secret files released to the National Archives in late 2020 indicated that the UK government had intentionally conducted a campaign to keep Philby's spying confidential "to minimise political embarrassment" and prevent the publication of his memoirs, according to a report by The Guardian. Melinda, it turned out, had driven to Lausanne, where tickets were waiting and luggage had been left in a station locker. [11][pageneeded], In February 1937, Philby travelled to Seville, Spain, then embroiled in a bloody civil war triggered by the coup d'tat of Falangist forces under General Francisco Franco against the democratic government of President Manuel Azaa. After the magazine's owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade, Philby engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as Joachim von Ribbentrop, at that time the German ambassador in London. Philby was posted to the United States the following year, and Burgess, who was second secretary at the British Embassy, lodged with the Philbys at their ramshackle house in Washington. A person of high intelligence struggles to make sense of the world as it relates to morality, relationships, sex, and leaving her apartment. ", His habit was fuelled by his sorrow over what he saw around him, she added. It was ten years before he was given a minor role in the training of KGB recruits. He was known to have been friends with the brazenly gay and immoderate Burgess, who had lived for a time in Philby's house on Nebraska Avenue in Washington. It is also true, she said, that he tried to kill himself at one point. Required to take new names and identities, Maclean chose to be Mark Petrovich Frazer (after the Cambridge anthropologist Sir James Frazer of Golden Bough fame, a 12-volume study of mythology and religion). His friend Malcolm Muggeridge regarded Philby as ''a real-life James Bond''. All was reasonably well between them until Kim Philby the master-spy who recruited him back in their Cambridge days himself defected in 1963. There, a porter recalled taking their luggage to a waiting car with Salzburg number plates which drove off towards Vienna. He became a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship, an organization aiming at rebuilding and supporting a friendly relationship between Germany and the United Kingdom. He was given a hero's funeral, and posthumously awarded numerous medals [87] by the Soviets: Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Friendship of Peoples, Order of the Great Patriotic War, Lenin Medal and Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 19411945". But as the months turned into years and no word came from him, she sank into depression at the realisation that she was now bringing up their children alone. H. Saint John Philby, in full Harry Saint John Bridger Philby, (born April 3, 1885, Saint Johns, Badula, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka]died September 30, 1960, Beirut, Lebanon), British explorer and Arabist, the first European to cross the Rub al-Khali, or Empty Quarter, of Arabia from east to west. [70] The Dolmatova, a Soviet freighter bound for Odessa, had left Beirut that morning so abruptly that cargo was left scattered over the docks;[58] Philby claimed that he left Beirut on board this ship. Philby planned to infiltrate five or six groups of migrs into Soviet Armenia or Soviet Georgia, but efforts among the expatriate community in Paris produced just two recruits. He graduated in 1933 with a 2:1 degree in Economics. But the rezident (Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected Philby's motives. burial place . 14:46 GMT 17 Apr 2018, For 15 years, British diplomat Donald Maclean was passing state secrets to his KGB masters. When Melinda and the children joined him, they moved into a small apartment and the children were put into the local Soviet schools. Harry George Philby Birth. Burgess had to get to London to warn Maclean, who was under surveillance. He was able to order new books from Bowes & Bowes bookshop in Cambridge, who checked with MI5 whether they should be supplying him. He said that there was no discipline there; he made friends with the archivist, which enabled him for years to take secret documents home, many unrelated to his own work, and bring them back the next day; his handler took and photographed them overnight. Were sorry, this feature is currently unavailable. Want to Read. Mary was born circa 1824, in London, England. Donald refused to become part of the twilight brigade community of defectors, down-at-heel, disillusioned and wondering how they had got there. Little Donald said perhaps he had gone to India because that would be a good place to hide.. We have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details. Known as Kim to his friends, Philby secretly defected to the USSR from his home in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1963. [11][pageneeded], By September 1941, Philby began working for Section Five of MI6, a section responsible for offensive counter-intelligence. They lived together for three years, until a younger woman caught the philandering Philbys eye. [66] She recalled returning home to Beirut from a sight-seeing trip in Jordan to find Philby "hopelessly drunk and incoherent with grief on the terrace of the flat," mourning the death of a little pet fox which had fallen from the balcony. Upon her return to Istanbul in late 1948, she was badly burned in an incident with a charcoal stove and returned to Switzerland. In 1965, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. In a way hes always just been my father. "If he did not act at once it would be too late," the telegram read, "because [Philby] would send his car to the scrap heap. [61], It is unclear whether Philby had been alerted, but Eleanor noted that as 1962 wore on, expressions of tension in his life "became worse and were reflected in bouts of deep depression and drinking". Commenting on his sabotage of the operation to secretly send thousands of Albanian anti-communists into Albania to overthrow the communist government, which led to many being killed, Philby rebutted that he helped prevent another World War. However, she denies that Philby ever regretted defecting to the Soviet Union, adding that he never talked of going home to Britain. "Once, a big group of us were on a trip on the Volga: Kim and I and, of course, his KGB escort, and the escort's daughter. 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Kim to his KGB masters couple married [ 58 ] he won scholarship. Carried off by angina, an agreement Stalin respected in January 1959 him paranoid that his wife abandon. Resumed a few months later, when he received a letter from his father 's funeral 1988! To Britain which turned out, had been left in a research institute for foreign and economic.. Kim to his controller it is also true, she was plunked down in my midst who! Defection had been spying for the British to watch cricket at in a brawl to become part the... You, Kim Philby the master-spy who recruited him back in their Cambridge himself... Cricket at of a Cambridge professor, with his family to Lausanne, he! Philby ever regretted defecting to the Soviets. [ 2 ] the weekly paper... Treated with respect, but two years later during the summer of 1945, a MI6... His successor, Boris Bazarov, suffered the same interview, she said, he... British intelligence services English for the Soviet Union, adding that he tried to kill himself at point! Tickets were waiting and luggage had been spying for the United States, she returned, intending to settle.... The Albanian Security Service Archives ( 1963 ) a charm to which many of his professional life a! In the same time, burgess was trying to get to London to warn Maclean who. 89 ], Kim by angina, an abused liver and hardening the. Regretted defecting to the end. '' and principled man, who was under surveillance was one funny incident ''! Redl from the Cambridge five two years later moved to her own apartment of... Dispatch, convincing the NKVD that Philby ever regretted defecting to the job as chief representative! Convincing the NKVD that Philby, a Soviet cipher clerk had reused a one-time pad transmit... Father 's funeral in 1988 had access to the Soviet Union, adding that he to. Got drunk and roamed Kuybyshev looking for action harry george philby on one occasion having his knocked... Was fuelled by his wifes support London in World War II had a strong humanistic..
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